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Public Law 63-43, signed December 23, 1913, created the Federal Reserve System—America’s central bank. Sponsored by Rep. Carter Glass and Sen. Robert Owen, this law established twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks to provide elastic currency, prevent banking panics, and give the U.S. government control over monetary policy for the first time since 1836. Before 1913,…
The rule of law in the United States is facing unprecedented challenges in 2025. Organizations like the American Bar Association, the World Justice Project, and legal advocacy groups are pushing reforms to strengthen judicial independence and government accountability—but they’re battling executive overreach, declining public trust, and political attacks on courts. Here’s what should alarm you:…
What Does Ohio’s Student Cell Phone Ban Require? Ohio’s new law requires every K-12 public school, charter school, and STEM school to adopt policies prohibiting student cell phone use during the instructional day by January 1, 2026. The ban covers the entire school day—including class time, hallway transitions, lunch periods, and recess. Ohio Revised Code…
What Does Ohio’s Cell Phone Ban Law Prohibit? Ohio’s cell phone ban prohibits drivers from using, holding, or supporting any electronic device with their hands, lap, or body while driving. Senate Bill 288 made distracted driving a primary offense April 4, 2023—police can pull you over just for holding your phone. Banned activities include texting,…
What Changed in Tennessee’s Driver’s License Law in 2026? Tennessee’s driver’s license law changed dramatically on January 1, 2026. Lawful permanent residents now receive temporary licenses with distinctive markings instead of standard licenses. Out-of-state licenses issued to undocumented immigrants are invalid in Tennessee—driving with one is a Class B misdemeanor. Driver’s license tests now include…
The US Constitution is the supreme law of the land, as established by Article VI, Clause 2 (the Supremacy Clause). This means when state laws or even federal statutes conflict with the Constitution, the Constitution wins. Every law, treaty, court ruling, and government action must comply with constitutional requirements—or it can be struck down as…
Talbots faces multiple class action lawsuits alleging the company uses artificially inflated “original” prices to create fake discounts on clothing and accessories. The most recent lawsuit (December 2024) claims Talbots’ online store displays strikethrough “regular” prices that products were never actually sold at, making discounts appear larger than they are. An earlier 2017 lawsuit targeting…
Ohio Revised Code Section 2917.11 makes “disorderly conduct” illegal when you recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm through fighting, making unreasonable noise, using offensive language, blocking public passage, or creating dangerous conditions. Penalties range from $150 fines for minor misdemeanors to 30 days in jail and $250 fines for fourth-degree misdemeanors. First Amendment protections, lack…
California Penal Code Section 415 makes it illegal to disturb the peace through three specific acts: fighting or challenging someone to fight in public, making unreasonable noise that disturbs others, or using offensive words likely to provoke immediate violence. Penalties include up to 90 days in jail and $400 in fines for misdemeanor charges, or…