How to Find the Best Adoption Agency in the US? Your Complete Path to Building Your Family in 2025

Finding the best adoption agency in the US requires verifying five critical elements: state licensing, Hague accreditation for international adoptions, Council on Accreditation (COA) certification, transparent fee structures, and ethical practices that prioritize birth parents’ rights.

Start by checking the USCIS Adoption Service Provider Directory for accredited agencies, then verify their standing with your state’s department of social services.

The Reality of Adoption in America Today

Sarah Martinez remembers the day her adoption fell through after nine months of waiting. The agency she’d trusted with $35,000 had misrepresented the birth mother’s intentions, leaving Sarah and her husband emotionally devastated and financially strained.

She’s not alone. With over 50,000 children adopted annually from foster care and thousands more through private and international channels, finding the right agency can mean the difference between joy and heartbreak.

According to recent federal data, 27% of youth exiting foster care in 2023 were adopted, representing approximately 49,700 adoptions. But choosing the wrong agency can lead to failed placements, unexpected costs, or worse—falling victim to adoption fraud.

Whether you’re a couple exploring adoption for the first time, a single parent navigating this journey solo, or a family recovering from a previous failed adoption, this comprehensive guide will show you exactly how to find the best adoption agency in the US for your unique situation.

Why Choosing the Right Adoption Agency Matters

The adoption agency you select becomes your partner for one of life’s most significant decisions. A quality agency provides counseling, home study coordination, legal guidance, and post-placement support that can last years.

The wrong choice can result in:

• Financial losses averaging $30,000-$50,000
• Emotional trauma from disrupted placements
• Legal complications that delay or derail your adoption
• Unethical practices that exploit birth parents

The right agency offers:

• Transparent communication throughout the process
• Ethical treatment of all parties involved
• Comprehensive support services
• Realistic timelines and expectations
• Post-adoption resources for your family

Understanding Different Types of Adoption Agencies

Public Adoption Agencies

Public agencies operate through state child welfare systems and primarily facilitate foster care adoptions. These agencies are licensed by state governments and typically charge minimal or no fees.

Best for: Families open to adopting children from foster care, including older children, sibling groups, or children with special needs.

Key advantages:

• Little to no cost (often under $3,000)
• Access to adoption subsidies and benefits
• Support from state social workers
• Connection to post-adoption services

Find public agencies through AdoptUSKids, the national foster care adoption database.

Private Licensed Adoption Agencies

Private agencies handle domestic infant adoptions, international adoptions, and sometimes foster care placements. They must be licensed by their state to operate legally.

Best for: Families seeking infant adoption or preferring more personalized service with specific preferences.

Key characteristics:

• Full-service support from home study through finalization
• Average costs: $35,000-$50,000 for domestic infant adoption
• Shorter wait times than foster care adoption
• More control over adoption preferences

Facilitators vs. Agencies: Know the Difference

Adoption facilitators are NOT licensed agencies. They connect prospective parents with birth parents but cannot provide the comprehensive services required for legal adoption.

Critical warning: Many states prohibit facilitators entirely. Using one in states like California, Connecticut, or Colorado can invalidate your adoption and result in legal penalties.

Step-by-Step: How to Find the Best Adoption Agency in the US

Step 1: Verify State Licensing

Every legitimate adoption agency must hold current state licensing. This is non-negotiable.

How to verify:

• Contact your state’s Department of Social Services or equivalent agency
• Request written confirmation of licensing status
• Check licensing expiration dates
• Verify no disciplinary actions or sanctions

State-specific licensing resources:

• California Registry of Adoption Service Providers
• New York: Contact Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS)
• Texas: Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS)
• Each state maintains its own registry and requirements

Step 2: Check Hague Accreditation for International Adoption

Federal regulations mandate that agencies handling intercountry adoptions from Hague Convention countries must be accredited or approved.

Verify accreditation through the U.S. Department of State’s Adoption Service Provider Search.

Important note: International adoptions have declined significantly, with some countries like South Korea announcing an end to private international adoptions in 2025. This makes choosing an experienced, accredited agency even more critical.

Step 3: Look for Council on Accreditation (COA) Certification

COA accreditation demonstrates that an agency meets rigorous standards for ethical practices, financial management, and service quality.

While not legally required for domestic adoption, COA certification shows an agency’s commitment to excellence and accountability.

Step 4: Interview Multiple Agencies

Never commit to the first agency you contact. Interview at least three agencies to compare:

Essential questions to ask:

• How many successful adoptions did you complete last year?
• What is your average wait time for placement?
• What services are included in your fees?
• How do you support birth parents throughout the process?
• What happens if an adoption falls through financially?
• Can you provide references from recent adoptive families?
• What post-placement support do you offer?
• How do you handle communication between adoptive and birth parents?

Step 5: Review Financial Transparency

Ethical agencies provide detailed, written fee schedules before you sign any contracts.

Your fee breakdown should include:

• Home study costs
• Application and administrative fees
• Legal fees and court costs
• Birth mother living expenses (if applicable)
• Travel expenses for interstate or international adoption
• Post-placement supervision fees

Red flags:

• Vague or verbal-only fee estimates
• Pressure to pay large upfront fees
• No refund policy for failed placements
• Fees that seem significantly lower than market rates

For detailed guidance on managing adoption costs, see our article on Family Law Attorney Payment Plans.

Step 6: Examine Their Ethical Standards

The best adoption agencies prioritize ethical practices that protect everyone involved—especially birth parents and children.

Ethical agency practices include:

• Comprehensive counseling for birth parents
• No coercion or pressure tactics
• Informed consent procedures
• Respect for birth parent confidentiality and choices
• Cultural sensitivity training for staff
• Trauma-informed care approaches

Warning signs of unethical practices:

• Agencies that promise specific wait times
• Pressure to accept questionable placements
• Lack of birth parent counseling services
• Refusal to answer questions about their practices
• Bad reviews related to ethical concerns

Step 7: Verify Their Experience with Your Situation

Different families need different expertise. Make sure your agency has experience with:

For first-time adoptive parents:

• Comprehensive education programs
• Strong support for navigating emotions
• Clear timeline expectations
• Connection to other adoptive families

For single parents:

• Experience with single-parent adoptions
• Understanding of unique challenges
• Appropriate home study accommodations
• Realistic placement expectations

For families after failed adoptions:

• Trauma-informed support services
• Financial accommodations or reduced fees
• Emotional counseling resources
• Honest assessment of preventing future disruptions

If you’re unsure about adoption readiness, our Should I Adopt a Child Quiz can help clarify your decision.

State-by-State Adoption Agency Requirements

Adoption laws vary significantly by state. Understanding your state’s specific requirements ensures you choose a properly licensed agency that can legally operate in your jurisdiction.

Alabama

Alabama adoption agencies must be licensed through the Department of Human Resources. The state allows both agency and independent adoptions, with specific advertising restrictions for birth parent matching.

Alaska

Alaska requires licensing through the Office of Children’s Services. The state has unique provisions for Alaska Native adoptions under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA).

Arizona

The Arizona Department of Child Safety licenses adoption agencies. Arizona permits independent adoptions but requires court supervision and home study completion.

Arkansas

Arkansas mandates licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state requires criminal background checks and home studies for all prospective adoptive parents.

California

California maintains a Registry of Adoption Service Providers, and adoption service providers must be licensed private adoption agencies or individuals who advise birth parents. California has among the strictest adoption regulations in the nation.

Learn more about California divorce and family law which often intersects with adoption proceedings.

Colorado

Colorado requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state prohibits paid adoption facilitators and has strong protections for birth parent rights.

Connecticut

Connecticut licenses agencies through the Department of Children and Families. The state requires pre-adoption education for all prospective adoptive parents.

Delaware

Delaware adoption agencies must register with the Division of Family Services. The state requires both criminal background checks and child abuse registry checks.

Florida

Florida’s Department of Children and Families licenses adoption agencies. The state has specific putative father registry requirements that affect adoption timelines.

For Florida-specific family law guidance, see our comprehensive guide on Questions to Ask a Divorce Lawyer in Florida.

Georgia

Georgia requires licensing through the Department of Human Services, Division of Family and Children Services. The state permits both agency and independent adoptions.

Hawaii

Hawaii adoption agencies must be licensed through the Department of Human Services. The state has unique cultural considerations for Native Hawaiian adoptions.

Idaho

Idaho licenses adoption agencies through the Department of Health and Welfare. The state requires notarized consents from birth parents.

Illinois

Illinois mandates licensing through the Department of Children and Family Services. The state has specific requirements for interstate adoptions under the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC).

Indiana

Indiana requires adoption agency licensing through the Division of Family Resources. The state allows both agency and independent adoptions with attorney involvement.

Iowa

Iowa licenses agencies through the Department of Human Services. The state has a putative father registry that must be checked before adoption finalization.

Kansas

Kansas requires licensing through the Department for Children and Families. The state permits independent adoptions and has specific Native American adoption provisions.

Kentucky

Kentucky mandates adoption agency licensing through the Cabinet for Health and Family Services. The state has recently updated child custody laws that may affect adoption procedures.

For more information, read our article on New Child Custody Laws in Kentucky 2024.

Louisiana

Louisiana requires licensing through the Department of Children and Family Services. The state has unique provisions for step-parent adoptions and intrafamily adoptions.

Maine

Maine licenses adoption agencies through the Office of Child and Family Services. The state requires post-placement supervision until adoption finalization.

Maryland

Maryland mandates licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state has specific regulations for international adoption agencies operating within its borders.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Children and Families. The state has comprehensive post-adoption support services.

Michigan

Michigan licenses agencies through the Department of Health and Human Services. The state requires prospective adoptive parents to complete pre-adoption training.

Minnesota

Minnesota mandates licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state has specific provisions for American Indian child placements under ICWA.

Mississippi

Mississippi requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Child Protection Services. The state allows both agency and independent adoptions with court oversight.

Missouri

Missouri licenses agencies through the Department of Social Services, Children’s Division. The state requires home studies for all adoptive placements.

Montana

Montana mandates licensing through the Department of Public Health and Human Services. The state has strong ICWA compliance requirements for tribal adoptions.

Nebraska

Nebraska requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Health and Human Services. The state has specific notice requirements for putative fathers.

Nevada

Nevada licenses adoption agencies through the Division of Child and Family Services. The state permits independent adoptions with attorney facilitation.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire mandates licensing through the Department of Health and Human Services, Division for Children, Youth and Families. The state requires criminal background checks for all household members.

New Jersey

New Jersey requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Children and Families. The state has comprehensive regulations for international adoption agencies.

New Mexico

New Mexico licenses agencies through the Children, Youth and Families Department. The state has specific provisions for Pueblo and tribal nation adoptions.

New York

New York maintains a registry of authorized voluntary adoption agencies through the Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS). The state has among the most comprehensive adoption regulations nationally.

North Carolina

North Carolina requires licensing through the Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Social Services. The state mandates post-placement supervision periods.

North Dakota

North Dakota licenses adoption agencies through the Department of Human Services. The state has specific requirements for interstate placements.

Ohio

Ohio mandates adoption agency licensing through the Department of Job and Family Services. The state requires home study updates if placement doesn’t occur within 18 months.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma requires licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state has strong ICWA provisions and tribal notification requirements.

Oregon

Oregon licenses agencies through the Department of Human Services, Child Welfare Division. The state permits open adoption agreements that are legally enforceable.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania mandates adoption agency licensing through the Department of Human Services. The state requires prospective parents to complete pre-adoption training courses.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island requires licensing through the Department of Children, Youth and Families. The state has specific regulations for international adoption home studies.

South Carolina

South Carolina licenses adoption agencies through the Department of Social Services. The state requires criminal background checks and child abuse registry clearances.

South Dakota

South Dakota mandates licensing through the Department of Social Services. The state has comprehensive ICWA compliance requirements for Native American adoptions.

Tennessee

Tennessee requires adoption agency licensing through the Department of Children’s Services. The state has specific regulations for embryo adoptions.

Texas

Texas licenses adoption agencies through the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). The state has specific advertising regulations for adoption services.

For Texas family law matters, consult our guide on Questions to Ask a Divorce Lawyer in Texas.

Utah

Utah mandates licensing through the Office of Licensing, Department of Human Services. The state has unique provisions requiring birth father consent even before birth.

Vermont

Vermont requires adoption agency licensing through the Department for Children and Families. The state emphasizes post-adoption support services.

Virginia

Virginia licenses agencies through the Department of Social Services. The state requires prospective parents to complete pre-adoption education programs.

Washington

Washington mandates adoption agency licensing through the Department of Children, Youth, and Families. The state has specific regulations for open adoption agreements.

West Virginia

West Virginia requires licensing through the Department of Health and Human Resources, Bureau for Children and Families. The state emphasizes kinship care and relative adoptions.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin licenses adoption agencies through the Department of Children and Families. The state requires post-placement supervision until finalization.

Wyoming

Wyoming mandates adoption agency licensing through the Department of Family Services. The state has specific provisions for tribal child placements under ICWA.

Red Flags: Warning Signs of Problem Agencies

Protect yourself by recognizing these critical warning signs:

Financial Red Flags

• Requesting large upfront payments before services begin
• Unclear or constantly changing fee schedules
• No written contracts or agreements
• Pressure to pay cash or use unusual payment methods
• Lack of refund policy for failed placements

Communication Red Flags

• Avoiding direct answers to your questions
• Promising unrealistic timelines (“You’ll have a baby in 3 months!”)
• Refusing to provide references
• Discouraging you from consulting attorneys
• Not returning calls or emails promptly

Ethical Red Flags

• Coercive language about birth parents
• Encouraging you to “advertise” for birth parents yourself
• Dismissing the importance of birth parent counseling
• Refusing to discuss their success and disruption rates
• Pressure to accept placements that don’t meet your criteria

Legal Red Flags

• Operating without proper state licensing
• Lack of Hague accreditation for international adoptions
• Not requiring home studies
• Encouraging you to skip legal counsel
• History of disciplinary actions or lawsuits

If you encounter these red flags, immediately cease communication with that agency and report your concerns to your state licensing authority.

Special Considerations for Different Adoption Types

Domestic Infant Adoption

Finding the best adoption agency for domestic infant adoption requires careful attention to:

Birth parent support: Ethical agencies provide comprehensive counseling to birth parents before and after placement, ensuring their decisions are truly informed and voluntary.

Open adoption options: Most domestic infant adoptions today involve some level of openness. Choose an agency experienced in facilitating healthy open adoption relationships.

Wait time realism: Honest agencies provide realistic wait time estimates based on your preferences. Average wait times range from 12-36 months, depending on your openness to various situations.

Average costs: Domestic infant adoption typically costs $35,000-$50,000, including agency fees, legal expenses, birth mother expenses, and home study costs.

Foster Care Adoption

Foster care adoption through public agencies offers unique benefits and considerations:

Little to no cost: Most foster care adoptions cost under $3,000, and many states cover these expenses entirely.

Adoption subsidies: Children adopted from foster care often qualify for monthly subsidies, Medicaid coverage, and college tuition assistance.

Special needs considerations: Many children in foster care have experienced trauma, have special needs, or are older children. Choose agencies with trauma-informed care training.

Timeline variation: Foster care adoption timelines vary widely, from a few months to several years, depending on parental rights termination and legal proceedings.

Learn more about disqualifying factors in our article What Will Disqualify You From Adopting a Child.

International Adoption

International adoption has slowed considerably, with countries like South Korea ending private international adoptions. This makes choosing an experienced, Hague-accredited agency absolutely critical.

Hague accreditation is mandatory for adoptions from Convention countries. Non-Hague adoptions are becoming increasingly rare.

Country-specific expertise: Each country has unique requirements, cultural considerations, and timelines. Choose an agency with deep experience in your chosen country.

Travel requirements: Most international adoptions require one or two trips to the child’s birth country, lasting from a few days to several weeks.

Average costs: International adoption costs range from $40,000-$60,000, including agency fees, foreign fees, travel expenses, and immigration processing.

Step-Parent and Relative Adoption

Many agencies specialize in step-parent and relative adoptions, which typically involve:

Simplified home studies: Requirements may be less stringent when adopting a relative or step-child.

Lower costs: Step-parent adoptions often cost $1,500-$5,000, primarily for legal fees and home study expenses.

Consent requirements: The biological parent whose rights are being terminated must typically consent or have their rights involuntarily terminated by a court.

Understanding Adoption Costs by State

Adoption costs vary significantly depending on your state, adoption type, and chosen agency. Here’s a breakdown to help you budget:

Domestic Infant Adoption Costs

• Average total: $35,000-$50,000
• Home study: $1,000-$3,000
• Agency fees: $15,000-$35,000
• Legal fees: $2,500-$7,000
• Birth mother expenses: $0-$15,000 (varies by state law)
• Post-placement supervision: $500-$2,000

Foster Care Adoption Costs

• Average total: $0-$3,000
• Many states cover all adoption expenses
• No birth parent expenses
• Often includes adoption subsidies and Medicaid

International Adoption Costs

• Average total: $40,000-$60,000
• Agency fees: $15,000-$30,000
• Foreign country fees: $5,000-$20,000
• Travel expenses: $5,000-$15,000
• Immigration processing: $2,000-$4,000

Financial Assistance Options

Many families qualify for financial help:

Federal Adoption Tax Credit: Up to $15,950 per child (2024) for qualifying adoption expenses.

Employer adoption benefits: Many employers offer $5,000-$15,000 in adoption assistance.

Adoption grants: Organizations like the Dave Thomas Foundation, Help Us Adopt, and Gift of Adoption provide grants ranging from $500-$15,000.

Adoption loans: Some financial institutions offer specialized adoption loans with favorable terms.

Military adoption benefits: Military families may receive up to $2,000 per child in reimbursement for adoption expenses.

The Home Study Process: What to Expect

Every adoption requires a home study, regardless of type. Understanding this process helps you prepare:

What Is a Home Study?

A home study is a comprehensive evaluation of your readiness to adopt. Licensed social workers assess your:

• Home environment and safety
• Financial stability
• Physical and mental health
• Criminal background
• Relationship stability
• Parenting capacity and philosophy
• Support system

Home Study Timeline

Typical home studies take 3-6 months and include:

• Initial application and paperwork
• 2-4 in-home interviews
• Individual and couple interviews
• Reference checks (typically 3-5 references)
• Background checks and medical examinations
• Home safety inspection
• Final report and approval

Home Study Costs

Home studies typically cost $1,000-$3,000, depending on your state and agency. Some agencies include home study costs in their overall fees.

Preparing for Your Home Study

Before your social worker visits:

• Install smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors
• Secure firearms and medications
• Prepare a bedroom for the child
• Gather required documents (financial statements, medical records, marriage certificates)
• Complete any required training or education
• Schedule reference contacts

During interviews:

• Be honest about your motivations and concerns
• Discuss your parenting philosophy openly
• Share your support system and resources
• Address any past challenges (infertility, losses, etc.)
• Ask questions about the process

Post-Placement Support: Why It Matters

The best adoption agencies don’t disappear after placement. Quality post-adoption support includes:

Supervisory Visits

Most states require several post-placement visits before finalization (typically 3-6 visits over 6-12 months). Your agency should:

• Schedule visits at convenient times
• Provide supportive, non-judgmental guidance
• Help address any adjustment challenges
• Prepare required court reports

Adoption Finalization Support

Your agency should assist with:

• Court hearing preparation
• Required documentation
• Finalization timeline
• Celebrating this milestone with your family

Long-Term Post-Adoption Resources

Quality agencies offer ongoing support:

• Access to support groups for adoptive families
• Counseling services for attachment issues
• Resources for talking with children about adoption
• Cultural connection resources for transracial adoptions
• Crisis intervention if serious challenges arise

Finding Support: Adoption Communities and Resources

You don’t have to navigate adoption alone. Connect with these valuable resources:

National Organizations

National Council for Adoption: https://adoptioncouncil.org/ – Provides policy advocacy, research, and resources.

AdoptUSKids: https://adoptuskids.org/ – The national foster care adoption resource.

American Academy of Adoption Attorneys: https://adoptionattorneys.org/ – Directory of qualified adoption attorneys.

Child Welfare Information Gateway: https://www.childwelfare.gov/ – Comprehensive adoption information and state-specific resources.

Support for Specific Situations

Adoptive Families Magazine: Resources, articles, and community for all adoption types.

Creating a Family: Free educational resources, webinars, and support groups.

Adoption.com: Forums, blogs, and connection opportunities with other adoptive families.

For families dealing with custody concerns post-adoption, our article on What Judges Look for in Child Custody Cases provides valuable insights.

Frequently Asked Questions About Finding the Best Adoption Agency

How long does the adoption process take?

Adoption timelines vary significantly by type:

• Foster care adoption: 6 months to 3+ years
• Domestic infant adoption: 1-3 years from home study to placement
• International adoption: 1-4 years, depending on the country
• Step-parent/relative adoption: 6-12 months

Can single parents adopt?

Yes! Single parents can adopt through most agencies and adoption types. Some countries restrict international adoption to married couples, but domestic adoption is fully available to single parents.

The best agencies for single parents understand unique challenges like single-income budgets and solo parenting preparation.

What if my first adoption fails?

Failed adoptions are emotionally devastating but don’t disqualify you from future adoption. Many agencies offer:

• Reduced fees for subsequent attempts
• Additional counseling support
• Honest assessment of factors that contributed to disruption
• Strategies to prevent future failed placements

Do I need an attorney in addition to an agency?

While agencies provide many services, having an independent adoption attorney is highly recommended. Attorneys:

• Review agency contracts before you sign
• Protect your legal interests throughout the process
• Handle finalization proceedings
• Provide advice independent of the agency

How do I know if an agency is legitimate?

Verify legitimacy through:

• Current state licensing
• Hague accreditation (for international adoption)
• Better Business Bureau rating
• State disciplinary action records
• References from recent clients
• Years in operation and staff credentials

What happens if the birth mother changes her mind?

Laws vary by state, but most states allow birth mothers a revocation period (typically 24 hours to several weeks) after signing consent. Ethical agencies:

• Inform you of state-specific laws
• Provide realistic statistics on revocation rates
• Offer counseling support if a match falls through
• Have policies about fee refunds or credits

Can I choose my adoption agency if I live in a different state?

Yes, but complications may arise. The agency must:

• Be licensed in your state OR work with a licensed agency in your state for home study
• Comply with Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC) requirements
• Understand interstate adoption laws and timelines

How do I find agencies that specialize in my situation?

Search for specialized agencies through:

• National Council for Adoption member directory
• State licensing agency listings with specialization tags
• Online communities for your specific situation (single parents, LGBTQ+ families, special needs adoption)
• Referrals from other families in similar circumstances

What questions should I ask about the agency’s success rate?

Ask specifically:

• How many placements did you complete last year?
• What percentage of your matches result in successful placements?
• How many disrupted placements have you had in the past 3 years?
• What is your average wait time from approval to placement?
• How many families are currently waiting for placement?

Are there adoption agencies that work with people who have been convicted of crimes?

Some agencies work with families who have criminal records, depending on:

• Type of offense
• How long ago the offense occurred
• Evidence of rehabilitation
• State-specific regulations

Crimes against children, violent felonies, or recent serious offenses typically disqualify you from adoption. For detailed information, see What Will Disqualify You From Adopting a Child.

Recent Legal Updates Affecting Adoption (2024-2025)

The federal government implemented regulatory changes to intercountry adoption accreditation and approval in July 2024, with the final rule becoming effective January 8, 2025. These changes emphasize:

• Stricter compliance with foreign country laws
• Enhanced transparency in fee structures
• Improved oversight of adoption service providers
• Stronger protections for birth parents and adoptive families

State-Level Changes:

Several states updated adoption regulations in 2024-2025:

Florida: Enhanced screening requirements for prospective adoptive parents and mandatory trauma-informed training.

Texas: Updated regulations for advertising adoption services and birth parent matching.

California: Strengthened protections for birth parent rights and counseling requirements.

Kentucky: Recent updates to child custody laws may affect adoption proceedings in contested cases.

New York: Enhanced post-adoption support mandates for licensed agencies.

Stay informed about changes in your state by regularly checking your state licensing authority’s website and consulting with adoption attorneys familiar with current regulations.

Making Your Final Decision: Choosing Your Adoption Agency

After completing your research, interviewing agencies, and verifying credentials, use this framework to make your final decision:

Create a Comparison Chart

For each agency you’re considering, rate (1-10):

• Licensing and accreditation compliance
• Experience with your adoption type
• Financial transparency
• Communication and responsiveness
• Ethical practices
• References from past clients
• Post-placement support services
• Your personal comfort level with staff

Trust Your Instincts

Beyond credentials and costs, consider:

• Do you feel heard and respected?
• Does the agency pressure you or give you space to decide?
• Are they realistic about challenges and timelines?
• Do they seem genuinely invested in your success?
• Can you imagine working with them for 1-2+ years?

Get Everything in Writing

Before signing any contracts:

• Have an adoption attorney review all documents
• Ensure fee breakdowns are detailed and complete
• Understand refund and disruption policies
• Clarify post-placement support services
• Know what services are and aren’t included

Prepare for Your Journey

Once you’ve chosen your agency:

• Complete all required paperwork promptly
• Attend orientation and education sessions
• Connect with other families who’ve worked with the agency
• Prepare emotionally and financially for potential setbacks
• Build your support network of family, friends, and other adoptive parents

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Choosing an Adoption Agency

Learning from others’ experiences can save you time, money, and heartache:

Mistake #1: Choosing Based on Price Alone

The cheapest agency isn’t always the best value. Extremely low fees may indicate:

• Limited services or support
• Inexperienced staff
• Cutting corners on ethical practices
• Hidden costs that emerge later

Better approach: Compare what services are included in quoted fees and evaluate overall value, not just the bottom line.

Mistake #2: Skipping the Background Check

Never assume an agency is legitimate without verification. Some families have lost tens of thousands of dollars to unlicensed or fraudulent agencies.

Better approach: Independently verify every credential and license before making any financial commitment.

Mistake #3: Ignoring Red Flags

When something feels wrong, it probably is. Don’t ignore concerns because you’re eager to move forward.

Better approach: Trust your instincts and walk away from agencies that raise concerns, even if it means starting over.

Mistake #4: Not Consulting an Attorney

Agencies work for themselves, not for you. Their interests may not always align with yours.

Better approach: Hire an independent adoption attorney to review contracts and protect your interests throughout the process.

Mistake #5: Failing to Plan for Failed Placements

Most agencies cannot guarantee successful placement. Understanding the financial and emotional implications beforehand prevents devastating surprises.

Better approach: Ask upfront about refund policies, re-matching procedures, and support services if a placement disrupts.

Mistake #6: Not Researching the Agency’s Reputation

Online reviews and references reveal patterns that interviews might miss.

Better approach: Search for agency reviews, contact past clients, and check with state licensing authorities for any disciplinary actions.

Mistake #7: Rushing the Decision

Desperation to adopt can cloud judgment and lead to poor agency choices.

Better approach: Take time to thoroughly research options, even if it delays your timeline by a few months. Those months are insignificant compared to the lifetime impact of your choice.

Resources for Prospective Adoptive Parents

Federal Government Resources

U.S. Department of State – Intercountry Adoption: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption.html

• Hague Convention information
• Country-specific requirements
• Adoption service provider search

Child Welfare Information Gateway: https://www.childwelfare.gov/

• State-by-state adoption laws
• Adoption assistance programs
• Post-adoption services

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): https://www.uscis.gov/adoption

• Immigration requirements for international adoption
• Form I-800A (Application for Determination of Suitability to Adopt)
• Processing times and fees

Financial Assistance Resources

Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption: Provides grants to families adopting from foster care

Help Us Adopt: Offers grants up to $15,000 for domestic and international adoption

Gift of Adoption Fund: Provides needs-based grants to help cover adoption expenses

National Adoption Foundation: Offers adoption loans and grants

Adoption Tax Credit Information: https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc607

Educational Resources

Creating a Family: Free webinars, courses, and resources about all aspects of adoption

Center for Adoption Support and Education (C.A.S.E.): Training and support for adoptive families

North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC): Advocacy and resources focused on foster care adoption

Support Groups and Communities

Adoptive Families Circle: Online support groups for adoptive parents

Resolve: The National Infertility Association: Support for families building their families through adoption after infertility

LGBTQ+ Family Building Resources: Family Equality and Human Rights Campaign resources for LGBTQ+ adoptive families

For additional family law support and resources, explore our comprehensive guides on Child Custody Questions and Family Law Payment Options.

Special Considerations for Single Parents

Single parents face unique considerations when choosing an adoption agency:

Finding Single-Parent-Friendly Agencies

Not all agencies welcome single parents equally. Look for agencies that:

• Have successfully placed children with single parents recently
• Don’t charge higher fees for single applicants
• Provide realistic expectations about placement timelines
• Offer support groups specifically for single adoptive parents
• Understand the unique challenges of solo parenting

Financial Planning for Single Parents

With one income, financial preparation is critical:

• Build an emergency fund covering 6-12 months of expenses
• Research employer adoption benefits thoroughly
• Apply for every applicable grant and assistance program
• Consider foster care adoption to minimize costs
• Plan for childcare costs post-placement

Building Your Support Network

Single parents need robust support systems:

• Identify family and friends who will provide practical help
• Connect with other single adoptive parents
• Arrange backup childcare options
• Consider location proximity to support network
• Plan for emergency situations

Addressing Agency Questions

Be prepared to discuss:

• Your motivation for single parenthood
• Your support system and backup plans
• Financial stability and employment flexibility
• Long-term parenting plans
• How you’ll discuss the child’s other parent

Guidance for Families After Failed Adoptions

If you’ve experienced a failed adoption, choosing your next agency requires special attention:

Processing Your Experience

Before moving forward:

• Consider counseling to process grief and trauma
• Take time to heal emotionally
• Analyze what contributed to the disruption
• Determine if you’re ready to try again
• Set healthy boundaries for your next attempt

Choosing Your Next Agency

If your previous agency contributed to the failed adoption:

• Choose a different agency with better ethical practices
• Look for agencies experienced in supporting families after disruption
• Ask specifically about their disruption rates and policies
• Verify they prioritize thorough birth parent counseling

Financial Considerations

Failed adoptions create financial challenges:

• Understand what expenses you can recoup through tax credits
• Ask new agencies about reduced fees for families with previous failed adoptions
• Explore additional grant opportunities
• Consider less expensive adoption types (foster care)
• Don’t overextend yourself financially on another attempt

Protecting Yourself Emotionally

Strategies to protect your heart:

• Maintain healthy skepticism about “perfect” situations
• Don’t overlook red flags due to desperation
• Set boundaries about how much you’ll invest emotionally before certain milestones
• Have an exit strategy if concerning patterns emerge
• Stay connected with your support system throughout the process

For understanding your rights in complex family situations, review our guide on What Judges Look for in Child Custody Cases.

International Adoption: Country-Specific Considerations

International adoption has changed dramatically in recent years, with many countries restricting or ending programs.

Current State of International Adoption

• South Korea announced an end to private international adoptions starting 2025
• China has significantly reduced international adoptions
• Russia ended U.S. adoptions in 2012
• Guatemala closed to international adoption in 2007

Countries Currently Open for International Adoption

More active programs:

• Colombia
• India
• Bulgaria
• Uganda
• Ukraine (suspended due to conflict)

Requirements vary by country and may include:

• Married couples only (some countries)
• Age requirements (often 25-50 years old)
• Marriage length minimums (2-5 years common)
• Health and income requirements
• Religious preferences
• Travel requirements

Hague vs. Non-Hague Countries

Hague Convention countries have standardized protections and procedures. Your agency MUST be Hague-accredited to complete adoptions from these countries.

Non-Hague countries have individual agreements with the U.S. and varying procedures. These adoptions are becoming increasingly rare.

International Adoption Timeline

Realistic timelines for international adoption:

• Dossier preparation: 3-6 months
• Country review and approval: 6-18 months
• Wait for match: 6-24 months
• Travel and finalization: 2-8 weeks
• Total: 2-4 years on average

Transracial and Transcultural Adoption Considerations

If you’re considering adopting a child of a different race or cultural background, choose agencies that:

Demonstrate Cultural Competency

Quality agencies should:

• Provide mandatory cultural competency training
• Have diverse staff representing various backgrounds
• Connect families with cultural resources and communities
• Address implicit bias and white privilege openly
• Prepare families for challenges children will face

Support Identity Development

Children need connection to their birth culture:

• Access to cultural events and communities
• Books, toys, and media reflecting their heritage
• Mentors and role models from their background
• Open discussions about race and identity
• Honest preparation for racism and discrimination

Ethical Considerations

Transracial adoption carries ethical responsibilities:

• Never view adoption as “saving” a child
• Recognize children’s right to their cultural identity
• Live in diverse communities when possible
• Address your own racial biases before adopting
• Commit to lifelong learning about race and culture

LGBTQ+ Adoption: Finding Affirming Agencies

LGBTQ+ families deserve agencies that fully support their families:

Legal Protections

Since the 2015 Supreme Court ruling legalizing same-sex marriage, LGBTQ+ couples have equal adoption rights federally. However:

• Some states allow religious agencies to refuse service to LGBTQ+ families
• Second-parent adoption requirements vary by state
• International adoption from many countries remains unavailable to same-sex couples

Finding LGBTQ+-Affirming Agencies

Look for agencies that:

• Explicitly state they welcome LGBTQ+ families
• Have successfully placed children with LGBTQ+ parents
• Provide LGBTQ+-specific education and resources
• Don’t charge discriminatory fees
• Have LGBTQ+ staff members

Preparing for Discrimination

Unfortunately, discrimination still exists:

• Prepare for insensitive questions during home studies
• Know your legal rights in your state
• Connect with other LGBTQ+ adoptive families
• Have responses ready for discriminatory comments
• Consider agencies specializing in LGBTQ+ adoption

Resources for LGBTQ+ adoptive families:

• Family Equality
• Human Rights Campaign
• LGBT Divorce Attorney resources for understanding family law protections

Adopting Older Children and Sibling Groups

Older children and sibling groups desperately need families, and agencies specializing in these placements offer unique support:

Benefits of Adopting Older Children

• Immediate family formation (no infant waiting periods)
• Lower costs (often through foster care)
• Meaningful conversations about adoption
• Established personalities and interests
• Profound impact on a child’s life trajectory

Challenges to Consider

• Possible trauma and attachment issues
• Behavioral and emotional challenges
• Integration into existing family dynamics
• Educational needs and delays
• Medical and mental health needs

Choosing Agencies for Older Child Adoption

The best agencies provide:

• Trauma-informed care training
• Post-placement counseling and support
• Realistic child profiles (no sugar-coating)
• Respite care arrangements
• Connection to specialized services

Sibling Group Considerations

Adopting sibling groups keeps families together but requires:

• Adequate housing space
• Financial resources for multiple children
• Emotional capacity for complex dynamics
• Understanding of birth order disruption
• Commitment to maintaining sibling relationships

Learn about potential challenges in our article on What Can Be Used Against You in Child Custody Cases.

Understanding Open Adoption

Modern domestic adoption typically involves some level of openness between adoptive and birth families:

What Is Open Adoption?

Open adoption involves ongoing contact between adoptive families, birth parents, and children. Levels vary:

Fully open: Direct contact including visits, calls, texts, and social media

Semi-open: Contact through agency mediation (letters, photos, occasional visits)

Closed: No identifying information shared (increasingly rare)

Benefits of Open Adoption

Research shows open adoption benefits children:

• Reduced identity confusion
• Access to medical history
• Understanding of birth parents’ love
• Ability to ask questions over time
• More complete sense of identity

Choosing Agencies for Open Adoption

Select agencies that:

• Have extensive experience facilitating open adoptions
• Provide education about open adoption benefits
• Mediate communication when helpful
• Support evolving relationships over time
• Prepare both families realistically

Setting Healthy Boundaries

Open adoption requires clear communication:

• Discuss expectations before placement
• Put agreements in writing (though not always legally enforceable)
• Remain flexible as needs change
• Prioritize the child’s wellbeing
• Seek mediation if conflicts arise

The Future of Adoption: Trends and Changes

Understanding current trends helps you make informed decisions:

Declining International Adoptions

International adoptions have dropped nearly 90% since 2004, from 22,991 to approximately 1,500-2,000 annually. This trend continues as:

• More countries develop domestic adoption systems
• International scrutiny increases around ethical concerns
• Countries like South Korea end programs entirely

Impact on families: International adoption requires even more careful agency selection as programs consolidate and regulations tighten.

Increasing Foster Care Adoptions

More families are choosing foster care adoption:

• Lower costs make adoption accessible to more families
• Public awareness campaigns highlight needs
• Post-adoption support services improve
• Adoption subsidies help families afford special needs care

Embryo Adoption Growth

Embryo adoption (adopting frozen embryos from IVF) is growing:

• Allows families to experience pregnancy and birth
• Lower costs than traditional adoption ($12,000-$18,000)
• Complex ethical and legal considerations
• Not recognized as legal adoption in all states

Technology’s Role

Technology increasingly impacts adoption:

• Online profile matching
• Video calls with birth parents
• Social media communication in open adoptions
• Digital document processing
• Virtual support groups

Focus on Ethical Practices

The adoption community increasingly emphasizes:

• Birth parent rights and autonomy
• Ethical infant adoption practices
• Trauma-informed care
• Cultural preservation in transracial adoption
• Adoptee voices in policy discussions

Your Adoption Journey Starts Here

Choosing the best adoption agency in the US is one of the most important decisions you’ll make in your adoption journey. By following this comprehensive guide, you’ll:

✅ Verify agency credentials through state licensing and accreditation checks

✅ Avoid common pitfalls that cost families money and heartache

✅ Understand state-specific requirements for all 50 states

✅ Choose the right adoption type for your family’s unique situation

✅ Protect yourself financially by understanding costs and assistance options

✅ Find support through national organizations and local communities

✅ Navigate special considerations whether you’re a couple, single parent, or family recovering from failed adoption

Take Action Today

Your next steps:

1. Make your list of potential agencies based on your adoption type and location
2. Verify credentials through state licensing authorities and USCIS databases
3. Schedule consultations with at least 3 agencies
4. Interview past clients to hear about their experiences
5. Consult an adoption attorney before signing any contracts
6. Trust your instincts about which agency feels right for your family

Remember

Finding the best adoption agency takes time, but rushing leads to regret. Invest weeks or months in research now to avoid years of complications later.

Your perfect agency is out there—one that will support you ethically, honestly, and compassionately through every step of creating your family.

Whether you’re adopting from foster care in Alabama, pursuing infant adoption in California, working with agencies in Florida, Texas, New York, or any of the other 45 states, this guide provides the foundation you need to make the best choice for your family.

The children waiting for families deserve parents who did their homework and chose agencies committed to ethical, legal, and loving adoption practices.

Your family’s future starts with this one crucial decision. Choose wisely.

Additional Resources from AllAboutLawyer.com

Continue your adoption and family law education with these related articles:

• Should I Adopt a Child Quiz – Assess your adoption readiness
• Pros and Cons of Adopting a Child – Comprehensive analysis
• What Will Disqualify You From Adopting a Child – Understanding eligibility
• Questions to Ask a Custody Lawyer During Consultation – For post-adoption custody concerns
• Family Law Attorney Payment Plan – Financing legal help
• What Judges Look for in Child Custody Cases – Understanding custody factors

Have adoption questions? Need legal guidance? Contact a qualified family law attorney in your state to discuss your specific situation.

This article provides general legal information about finding the best adoption agency in the US. It does not constitute legal advice. Always consult with a licensed adoption attorney and licensed social worker in your state before making adoption decisions. Adoption laws vary significantly by state and change frequently. Verify all information with current sources and qualified professionals.

Last updated: September 2025

About the Author

Sarah Klein, JD, is a former family law attorney with over a decade of courtroom and mediation experience. She has represented clients in divorce, custody cases, adoption, Alimony, and domestic violence cases across multiple U.S. jurisdictions.
At All About Lawyer, Sarah now uses her deep legal background to create easy-to-understand guides that help families navigate the legal system with clarity and confidence.
Every article is based on her real-world legal experience and reviewed to reflect current laws.
Read more about Sarah